Doll House Essay Essays

Doll House Essay Essays Doll House Essay Essay Doll House Essay Essay Imagine that you were hiding something, something that you dont want anyone else to know. In order to keep it hidden, you act like nothing is wrong and you go on with your normal life. That is exactly what Nora Heeler does in the play, A Dolls House by Henries Ibsen. For most of her marriage, Nora has been pretending to be someone shes not. She conforms to Tortillas beliefs because she doesnt want him to stop loving her. At the end of the play, Nora realizes that all she is, is a doll in his house and questions whether Dorval really loves her or not. In the beginning Of the Story, Nora seems happy. She responds affectionately to Tortillas teasing, speaks with excitement about the extra money his new job will provide, and takes pleasure in the company of her children and friends. She does not seem to mind her dollied existence, in which she is treated as inferior. The play progresses, Nora reveals that she is not just a silly girl, as Dorval ca ASS her. The many years of secret labor put into paying off her debt she obtained by illegally taking out a loan to save Ton. Lads life, shows that she is understands the business details elated to it, and that she is intelligent and independent and much more than a doll to play WI the. Nora defies Doral in small yet meaningful ways; by eating macaroons and then lying to him about it, for instance. She also swears, apparently just for the pleasure she derives from minor rebellion against societal standards. Crossroads blackmail and the trauma that follows do not change Norms nature; they op en her eyes to her unfulfilled and underrepresented potential. Tortillas severe and selfish reaction after learning of Norms deception and forgery is the final tallest for Norms awakening. l have been performing tricks for you, Dorval . Nora comes to realize that in addition to her literal dancing and singing tricks, she has been putting on a show throughout her arraign. She has pretended to be someone she is not in order to full the role that Dorval, her father, and society at large have expected of her. As the drama unfolds, and as Norms awareness of the truth about her life grows, her need for rebellion escalates, culminating in her walking out on her husband and children to find independence. Throughout the stony Nora acts like someone shes not. She tries to please Dorval and others by fulfilling their expectations of her. All the while, she is realizes who she really is and that there is much more to her than being Tortillas doll. She finally realizes that for eight years she had been conforming to Tortillas beliefs, too afraid to do otherwise. It w not until the last scene in the play that Nora comes to life, learning the answers to her questions and that her assumptions were true: appearances do not always depict reality.

The Great Irish Famine Was a Turning Point in History

The Great Irish Famine Was a Turning Point in History In the early 1800s, the impoverished and rapidly-growing rural population of Ireland had become almost totally dependent on one crop. Only the potato could produce enough food to sustain families farming the tiny plots of land the Irish peasants had been forced onto by British landlords. The lowly potato was an agricultural marvel, but staking the lives of an entire population on it was enormously risky. Sporadic potato crop failures had plagued Ireland in the 1700s and early 1800s. In the mid-1840s, a blight caused by a fungus struck potato plants across all of Ireland. The failure of essentially the entire potato crop for several years led to unprecedented disaster. Both Ireland and America would be changed forever. The Irish Potato Famine The Irish Potato Famine, which in Ireland became known as The Great Hunger, was a turning point in Irish history. It changed Irish society forever, most strikingly by greatly reducing the population. In 1841, Irelands population was more than eight million. It has been estimated that at least one million died of starvation and disease in the late 1840s, and at least another one million immigrated during the famine. Famine hardened resentment toward the British who ruled Ireland. Nationalist movements in Ireland, which had always ended in failure, would now have a powerful new component: sympathetic Irish immigrants living in America. Scientific Causes The botanical cause of the Great Famine was a virulent fungus (Phytophthora infestans), spread by the wind, that first appeared on the leaves of potato plants in September and October of 1845. The diseased plants withered with shocking speed. When the potatoes were dug up for harvest, they were found to be rotting. Poor farmers discovered the potatoes they could normally store and use as provisions for six months had turned inedible. Modern potato farmers spray plants to prevent blight. But in the 1840s, the blight was not well understood, and unfounded theories spread as rumors. Panic set in. The failure of the potato harvest in 1845 was repeated the following year, and again in 1847. Social Causes In the early 1800s, a large part of the Irish population lived as impoverished tenant farmers, generally in debt to British landlords. The need to survive on small plots of rented land created the perilous situation where vast numbers of people depended on the potato crop for survival. Historians have long noted that while Irish peasants were forced to subsist on potatoes, other crops were being grown in Ireland, and food was exported for market in England and elsewhere. Beef cattle raised in Ireland were also exported for English tables. British Government Reaction The response of the British government to the calamity in Ireland has long been a focus of controversy. Government relief efforts were launched, but they were largely ineffective. More modern commentators have noted that economic doctrine in 1840s Britain generally accepted that poor people were bound to suffer and government intervention was not warranted. The issue of English culpability in the catastrophe in Ireland made headlines in the 1990s, during commemorations marking the 150th anniversary of the Great Famine. Britains then-Prime Minister Tony Blair expressed regret over Englands role during commemorations of the 150th anniversary of the famine. The New York Times reported at the time that Mr. Blair stopped short of making a full apology on behalf of his country. Devastation It is impossible to determine precise numbers of the dead from starvation and disease during the Potato Famine. Many victims were buried in mass graves, their names unrecorded. It has been estimated that at least half a million Irish tenants were evicted during the famine years. In some places, particularly in the west of Ireland, entire communities simply ceased to exist. The residents either died, were driven off the land, or chose to find a better life in America. Leaving Ireland Irish immigration to America proceeded at a modest pace in the decades before the Great Famine. It has been estimated that only 5,000 Irish immigrants per year arrived in the United States prior to 1830. The Great Famine increased those numbers astronomically. Documented arrivals during the famine years are well over half a million. It is assumed that many more arrived undocumented, perhaps by landing first in Canada and walking into the United States. By 1850, the population of New York City was said to be 26 percent Irish. An article titled Ireland in America in the New York Times on April 2, 1852, recounted the continuing arrivals: On Sunday last three thousand emigrants arrived at this port. On Monday there were over two thousand. On Tuesday over five thousand arrived. On Wednesday the number was over two thousand. Thus in four days twelve thousand persons were landed for the first time upon American shores. A population greater than that of some of the largest and most flourishing villages of this State was thus added to the City of New York within ninety-six hours. Irish in a New World The flood of Irish into the United States had a profound effect, especially in urban centers where the Irish exerted political influence and got involved in municipal government, most notably in the police and fire departments. In the Civil War, entire regiments were composed of Irish troops, such as those of New Yorks famed Irish Brigade. In 1858, the Irish community in New York City had demonstrated that it was in America to stay. Led by a politically powerful immigrant, Archbishop John Hughes, the Irish began building the largest church in New York City. They called it St. Patricks Cathedral, and it would replace a modest cathedral, also named for Irelands patron saint, in lower Manhattan. Construction was halted during the Civil War, but the enormous cathedral was finally finished in 1878. Thirty years after the Great Famine, the twin spires of St. Patricks dominated the skyline of New York City. And on the docks of lower Manhattan, the Irish kept arriving. Source Ireland in America. The New York TImes, April 2, 1852. Lyall, Sarah. Past as Prologue: Blair Faults Britain in Irish Potato Blight. The New York Times, June 3, 1997.

Managing Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing Ethics - Essay Example This management behavior has resulted in reduced morale, job stress, and fatigue for the employees. Before going into the discussion regarding Ron Eden’s approach to management in 2000s, let us get a better understanding of what ethical management actually is. Management ethics include a set of defined ethics that is required for a business to remain in the market. Some of the principles that increase the effectiveness of organizations include ethical decision making based on facts, getting facts from possible perspectives, recognizing managing ethics as a process, avoiding the occurrence of ethical dilemmas, and using cross-functional teams while implementing an ethical management program in the organization. There exist many theories, which are used by the managers to control behavior and motivation of the employees. Scientific management theory focuses on how managers can improve efficiency through person-task relationships. Administrative management theory is related to the development of a highly efficient and effective organizational structure through outlining the principles of administration and bureaucracy. Behavioral management theory focuses on how managers should motivate the employees to achieve organizational goals. Theory X assumes that workers do not like to work hard whereas theory Y assumes that workers like to work hard if they are given opportunities and incentives. Management science theory believes in giving more control to the managers over the resources in order to produce desirable results. The last theory, which is organizational management theory, focuses on how managers can influence behaviors to control the organization’s relationship with the external environment. Mr. Ron Eden, the top manager of the company, possesses a controlled management approach in the company. In Electronic Banking Inc., the top manager is the

American Printing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American Printing - Essay Example This is a major icon in the technological development of the press industry. In 1885, Otto Mergenthaler invented a linotype that brought much efficiency in print production (Burr, 55). Through this invention, machine typesetting became a major preference in print productions. Compositors of this era capitalized on this inventory in their document processing. The linotype entailed a keyboard that resembled that one of the type writer. This invention was ideal for newspaper and book production. Therefore, the Mergenthaler’s invention was not for commercial document processing (Burr, 56). It purely suited composition and production of newspapers and text books. It entailed an era of stiff competition amongst the dominant publishers in the USA. Bill Barnes and McCann were the dominant compositors of the day (Rumble, 87). They would therefore engage in stiff competitions in their composition of print productions. These competitions would always qualify McCann as the victor. Therefore, he would manifest swift skills over his opponent Bill Barnes (Rumble, 88). The swifts were most popular after the invention of the linotype by Mergenthaler. This entailed coverage of the technical inventions during the early years of the nineteenth century. During this era, major developments were made in the field of science, and the print industry attained observable benefits (Rumble, 96). For instance, the invention of the linotype machine facilitated efficient print productions in this era. The technical inventions initiated the workshop culture even in the print industry. Women underwent severe discrimination during this era. The emergence and gradual development of the print industry manifested harsh experiences that faced women. The entire print industry advocated for men’s chauvinism (Burr, 53). This was evident in the structure and principles of the trade unions established during this era. Male dominance was

Document Based Document; Federalists and Anti-Federalists Essay Example for Free

Document Based Document; Federalists and Anti-Federalists Essay The different biased policies of which Federalists believed in interpreting the Constitution broadly, while Jeffersonian Republicans (Anti-Feds) believed it should be interpreted strictly, continued through the presidencies of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. However, throughout both of their terms, both parties eventually â€Å"switched† their ideals, and followed the other party’s belief. â€Å"Our country is too large to have all its affairs directed by a singled government† (Doc. A) is a letter from Jefferson to Granger, then the complete opposite is written in Doc F, where Randolph talks about how the J. Republicans abandon their original principles. This is just one example of how later the two parties ideals were â€Å"switched. † Actions such as the Louisiana Purchase, the Embargo Act, and the establishment of the Second National Bank show this. Before Jefferson was elected, he believed the government shouldn’t assume any power unless explicitly provided for in the Constitution. The Louisiana Purchase was the purchase of 828,000 square miles of France’s territory in 1803, and the territory was named Louisiana. The U. S paid the French about 15 million dollars for the territory. There were many questionable remarks made about buying the territory because it was thought to be unconstitutional and he was almost thought of a hypocrite. He did agree that that the Constitution didn’t contain requirements for acquiring the territory, but did anyway because he thought the pros outweighed the cons, though he wasn’t consistent to his original â€Å"philosophy† of interpreting the Constitution strictly. Another action considered being â€Å"a step in the opposite direction† was the Embargo Act. Passed in 1807, the Embargo Act was made in response to the impressment of American ships and their goods, and violations of U. S. neutrality. At first what seemed like a good idea, backfired when Americans protested against the Act and the Act was deemed unconstitutional. In the picture in Doc. C, one can tell it was to show overuse of power by the government by establishing the Embargo Act. The Constitution didn’t provide the government with the power of an embargo, but Jefferson supported his claim with very loose connections to the Constitution to verify his reasoning for putting an embargo on Britain. Eventually the Act was ratified and the Non-Intercourse Act was enacted soon after, which allowed trade between all countries beside Britain and France. James Madison, who was thought to be an Anti-Fed, was now thought to be Federalist or a hypocrite when he established the Second National Bank. The First National Bank was made by Alexander Hamilton, who was a Federalist, and who opposed the Jeffersonian Republicans which included James Madison. James Madison decided to make the Second National Bank, considering the First National Bank was a huge difference between both parties, which most considered complete hypocrisy. In Doc. F, Randolph is outraged with the creation of the bank because it shows the Anti-Feds are undertaking Federalist policies. Along with Randolph, other Anti-Feds believed the Second National bank was unconstitutional, and that it benefited investors and merchants at the expense of the majority of the population. This proves that Madison, when suitable to do so, was willing to â€Å"switch† his political values. Both presidents, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, claimed to be Anti-Feds and â€Å"strictly† followed the Constitution. In fact, there are proven to be times that really have shown otherwise such as the Louisiana Purchase, the Embargo Acts, and the Second National Bank. They stated to both be loyal Anti-Feds, but history tells us otherwise.

A Confederacy of Dunces :: essays research papers

Journal One: A Confederacy of Dunces Chapter One: Plot: Ignatius waited for Mrs. Reilly outside the department store. A policeman attempted to apprehend Ignatius; a mob ensued with the result of an old man being arrested for calling the policeman a communist. Mrs. Reilly and Ignatius escape to a local bar in which the bartender treats them with a lack of respect as well as eavesdrops on their conversation about Ignatius’ trip to Baton Rouge. The old man, Claude Robichaux, was brought before the police sergeant as well as the officer who brought him in. A black man named Jones made comments during the man’s â€Å"interrogation† and was repeatedly told to shut up by name, giving the idea that this wasn’t the first time Jones had been there. Returning to the Night of Joy bar, Ignatius’ mother sells her hat to a young gentleman for fifteen dollars while Ignatius tells his bus story to a regular customer by the name of Darlene. Mrs. Reilly has a little too much to drink and begins to weave a tale of domestic mistreatment by her boy and Darlene loses interest in Ignatius. Ms. Lee, the bar’s patron returns from a few hours of shopping and kicks the Reillys out of the bar. When Mrs. Reilly tries to drive away from the city, she demolishes a Voltzwagon parked behind the massive ’46 Plymouth and crumbles a balcony of a building she hits. The officer from Ignatius’ previous incident ends the chapter with his arrival in a most awkward costume, punishment for his earlier dealings. Character: Ignatius is a highly intelligent, socially awkward, and interesting character. Plump and at least a little bit apprehensive towards the world in general, he wears an odd assortment of clothing and pines for his lost lumber jacket. He is 30, unemployed and lives with his mother. He spent eight years of college getting a masters degree in an as of yet undisclosed discipline, possibly having to do with medieval history based upon his one known job interview with the head of Medieval Studies in Baton Rouge. Mrs. Reilly is Ignatius’ mother. She has arthritis of the elbow and shows a genuine interest in the well being of her child while on the same time feels a slight feeling of resentment of his overpowering each and every conversation as well as the trouble he finds himself in. Claude Robichaux was the old man who tried to defend Ignatius by calling the policeman a communist.

Amazon E-Business

Amazon. Coma's E-Business Model Monte Sutton strayed university Assignment #2 Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course BUSSES: contemporary Business Dry. Miller Fall 201 1 Discussion 1. Discuss the pros and cons of Amazons growth and diversification of business and specialization, and make recommendations about what Amazon could have done differently. The internet has become a part of most everyone daily life for many years now. In addition E-Business has appeared for several years now.E-dustless refers to conducting business over the internet. E-Business accounts for more than one- quarter of the value of all manufacturing shipments, sales and revenues, totaling $1. 3 trillion (Boone ; Kurt, 2011). In 1996 a famous retail company In E-Business was launched called Amazon. Com_ Amazon. Com sells various products like electronics, books, music, DVD's, housemates, PC's and cars. Amazon. Com is the biggest retailer in E-Business, It has expanded Its business In more than 220 countries. Amazon had first started out as a company had first started out as an online bookstore.While selling books Amazon was making a decent profit, but Amazon leadership did not feel hat they were not making as much money as they had hoped to make tort the first year _ Also a lawsuit from Barnes and Noble prompted Amazon to come up with a way to better Its corporation. In 1999 when the E-useless boom began Amazon Went Amazon began to emerge into the world of E-Business this was the best thing they could have done. By doing this they begin to make huge profits and turned into one of the world's leaders in E-commerce. Amazon was able to take over the E- Business because they began to offer to their customer's better deals than the otherE-Business corporations could offer. They were truly focused on customer satisfaction. The firm uses sophisticated inventory tools that help keep its costs down and allow it to wait for favorable supplier prices before placing orders . Amazon was able to restock when nobody else was restocking. As demands was falling off a cliff [because other retailers had placed holiday orders much earlier], they could get better rates (Boone ; Kurt, 2011 up. 223). The owner Jeff Bozo understood that in order to remain competitive in this business they had to first focus on the needs of the customers.Understanding what customers want and need is was very beneficial for the success of the company. Also expanded its merchandise at a lower cost would also attract more customers to order from Amazon. Another benefit of Amazon was that they had partnership with numerous transportation companies and could provide fast and accurate service to their consumers. Amazon has experienced many negatives ratings from some of their customers because of some of the defective merchandise they have received. Because Amazon has partnership with many consumers to sell their merchandiseAmazon does not really know what a person may be receiving. Con sumers only know that they ordered this merchandise from Amazon and if something is wrong Amazon should be responsible for the product. I fully understand their complaint. Understand the consumer's complaint. I recently ordered a Colby MPH player from Amazon and when I got the MPH player it did not work. I looked all over the internet to try and find a contact number for Amazon but could not. I called Colby and went through some trouble shooting techniques before it was determined that the part was defective.The Colby told me to return the merchandise back to Amazon and they would replace it. Although once I went on Amazon website to find out how to return the item it was fairly easy. I felt as though instead of me returning the item back to Amazon I should have returned the item to Colby and they could have sent me a replacement item. Now I have to wait until Amazon gets the old MPH player and the they order me another one from Colby. I would recommend that Amazon find out a way to cut out the middle man so that consumers can get their replacement items in an expeditious manner. Discussion 2.Determine the impact if Amazon. Com had split up and became a family of brands (for example â€Å"Amazon† for books, â€Å"Super toys† for toys, etc. ), each with a public face but all run by the same parent company. Amazon may have lost some consumers had they would have branded themselves into a family of brands. What makes Amazon so unique is that a person can go to their one website and find everything they are looking for. The website has made so many changes to make it easier for the consumer to go directly to their website categorize what they are looking for and will e able to see Just that product.Had Amazon would have Just distinguished itself into a certain brand it would have seemed like they may have been trying to promote a certain item and this would have created competition amongst Amazon with its who truly likes ordering from Amazon. They wo uld think that this is another E- Business that they are not familiar with doing business with. The ease of going to one website and understanding that everything at this website is all Amazon and the way that you use to order your merchandise you can still do it the same way.To any companies tend to think they are doing things to make it better for the consumer but in all actuality they are confusing the consumers. Discussion 3. Determine if it would be possible for Barnes and Noble or Borders to extend their markets in the same way that Amazon. Com has. Explain your rationale. Yes I think it is very possible for Barnes and Noble or Borders to extend their markets in the same was Amazon. Com has. The reason I feel this way is because the average American consumer we are always looking for the next best marketable company on the internet.Variety is the spice of life. At first consumers would be hesitant to order something other than books from Barnes and Nobles or Borders. But once the word get out that both these companies have become and establish E-Business like Amazon they should have no problem with becoming marketable in the E-commerce business. Not all consumers are happy with ordering merchandise from Amazon, so therefore it will take another company to get into the E-commerce business and have an established reputation and more will follow.In order for Barnes and Noble and Borders to become successful they need not to try and duplicate what Amazon is already doing in the E-Business. They need to come up with other creative ways to market their products, and also try and offer better pricing and better shipping rates than Amazon has to offer. Like anything, at first business may be slow for both companies because this is a new venture for them. But once the companies understand how the E-Business works and what customers want and need I don't for see any problems with them marketing other items other than books over the internet. Discussion 4 Determine what Amazon. Mom would need to do to expand their distribution chain to include some brick and mortar outlets, and whether or not this would be a good idea. In order for Amazon to get into the Brick and Mortar outlet Amazon now would have to go out and find more building throughout the world and then higher more employees to run the outlet facilities around the world. Now Amazon instead of competing in the E-commerce industry now they would also be competing in the store industry. By doing this would cost Amazon more money and could possible reduce the decline in sales over the internet. This would not be a good idea for Amazon for many reasons.Operation cost to maintain a building and a full time staff make up a large part of the overhead cost. Most retail stores commission are a big part of a sales person salary so therefore they may not have the best interest in the internet provides more information than the sales representative could. Most consumers now days go to a retail sto re and price and item then go home on the internet and get a better deal. Amazon is doing Just fine by remaining the top E- Business on the internet, References Boone, L. , Kurt, L. , (2011). Contemporary Business. Sons Inc. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and

Describe Diversity, Equality, Inclusion and Participation Essay

Diversity refers to our differences such as culture, beliefs, values, views and life experiences. The concept of diversity is to accept, respect and embrace our differences. When people with these differences unite and share the same group or organization we see a diverse environment. Working in a childcare setting, we have the potential to work with an abundance of diversity. This can be very rewarding but can also pose challenges. Positively, we have the opportunity to promote the sense of individuality, sense of pride and belonging by providing a safe and nurturing environment. Discussing each other’s differences is a great way to learn and become aware of the differences in the world. One example of promoting diversity is to display the word â€Å"welcome† on the door in all first languages spoken in that classroom or even learning how to say hello in each language. The challenges are learning how ensure equality and eliminate discrimination. Introducing children at an early age to diversity will have an impact on their acceptance of others who are different from them. Diversity can also come in the form of race, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities and political beliefs. Equality Equality is the term for equal opportunities. Whilst supporting diversity and respecting differences everyone is offered the same services and programs. All children and families have an equal chance and equal right to participate or not to participate regardless of any differences such as physical disabilities or cultural beliefs. Practitioners have a duty to ensure that there is equality in their classroom. A child who has a learning disability should not be stereotyped with assumptions that he or she is not capable and therefor does not receive equal opportunity in classroom activities. Discrimination is the result of not practicing equality, for example, a child cannot be left out of a school outing because they don’t have transport to accommodate his wheel chair. Discrimination due to inequality can be very detrimental to a child’s emotional well being. A child can develop low-self esteem, low confidence, feel unwanted and loose sense of belonging. The equality act of 2010 legally protects people from discrimination in organizations and society. Some provisions relating to disability include extending protection against indirect discrimination to disability and harmonizing the thresholds for the duty to make reasonable adjustments for disabled people. This act will help to protect the children in school settings and into adulthood. Reference: Equality Act 2010: guidance, publishes 27 February 2013, https://www. gov. uk/equality-act-2010-guidance Inclusion Inclusion is the practice that every need is met for every student in their learning setting. Inclusive education allows children with disabilities to learn along side children without disabilities. This type of educational practice differs from having children with special needs secluded to special schools and classrooms. It allows children with disabilities to feel as an equal member of the classroom, which will build self-confidence and teach social skills. Schools need to ensure that they meet all needs by having resources and equipment to aid the students and help them to join as many activities as possible. For example braille books for children who are blind, providing wide doors, ramps and disabled toilets, speech therapist and physical therapist. When children have the opportunity to use these services they will more likely achieve their educational goals and feel less different from their peers. Practitioners could aid children in their classrooms by learning as much as possible about any disability a child in their care has, for example if a child in their classroom is hearing impaired, learning a few basic sign language words such as â€Å"lunch† â€Å"outside† â€Å"toilet† could help the child feel more part of the classroom’s daily flow. Reference: Wikipedia, Inclusion (education), 22 October 2013, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Inclusion_(education) Participation Participation is the act of participating and being involved in activities, decisions, planning and sharing. Participation is important for the children as well as the parents in school settings. When parents and children are involved in decision-making it allows them to feel connected to the school and feel like their voice is being heard and wishes met. Children feel that their opinions and feelings matter, this is important to social skill development, as they will feel apart of the school community. Children who participate in school activities such as sports gain self-confidence and team building skills. Communication skills improve, stress is relieved and friendships build as children learn to trust and depend on their peers. Supporting participation could be to invite parents into the class to share their child’s favorite storybook from home and be a part of that day’s circle time. The child will gain a sense of pride as they sit beside their parent as they contribute to circle time. Another example is the children could take turns bringing home a â€Å"letter bag† where they find objects from around their home that begin with the â€Å"letter of the week†. The child and parent can work together finding the objects and the child can share it in class the following day. Reference: Participation works partnership, http://www. participationworks. org. uk/topics/education

Bon marché - French Expression

Bon marchà © - French Expression Expression: Bon marchà © Pronunciation: [ bo(n) mar shay] Meaning: inexpensive, cheap Literal translation: good deal Register: normal Notes The French expression bon marchà © might be translated by either inexpensive or cheap. Like the latter, bon marchà © can be both positive (indicating a reasonable price) and negative (insulting the products quality). Bon marchà © is invariable in gender and number: it does not change to agree with the noun it modifies. Examples   Ã‚  Ã‚   Je cherche un cadeau bon marchà ©.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Im looking for an inexpensive gift.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Avez-vous des voitures bon marchà © ?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Do you have any cheap cars? However, bon marchà © can be made comparative and superlative:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Je prà ©fà ¨re la tà ©là ©vision meilleur marchà ©, mà ªme si elle est un peu plus petite.   Ã‚  Ã‚  I prefer the cheaper TV, even though its a little smaller.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Il a achetà © les chaussures les meilleur marchà ©.   Ã‚  Ã‚  He bought the least expensive shoes. ​Synonyms (Positive and Negative) un bon rapport qualità ©-prix - good valueune bonne affaire - good dealun prix avantageux - bargain pricepas cher - inexpensiveune mauvaise affaire - bad dealla pacotille - cheap piece of junk More Expressions with bonFrench shopping vocabularyMost common French phrasesInvariable adjectives

The Place of Media in the Public Sphere

The Place of Media in the Public Sphere The public sphere as a concept always has to take into account the freedom enjoyed by a people such that they can share their ideas or thoughts and learn or access other views (Gastil 2007, 18). This process necessarily also consists of or results in the formation of public opinion (Dahlgren 2005, 148).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Place of Media in the Public Sphere specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Dahlgren (2005, 148) the public sphere consists of and is guaranteed by three dimensions i.e. â€Å"structure, representation and interaction†. The impact of the net on the public sphere is a given reality and can not be the question. Dahlgren (2005, 149) asserts that with the coming of the Net, â€Å"the sprawling character of the public sphere becomes all the more accentuated†. One of the challenges or problems identified with the traditional media is the shift from serious del iberation on political matters to more focus on entertainment and life style issues. This trend is commonly known as Tabloidization. Tabloidization and other problems associated with traditional media are as a result of cutting edge competition amongst media houses. According to Harsin (2006, 89), â€Å"corporate mergers have increased the pressure towards speed and expanding viewer – and readership, and the demand for ever increasing profit†. As competition between media houses increased, another shift towards combining serious information with entertainment happened. For example, a given serious message that needs public attention is programmed to run as an interlude between episodes in a popular soap. Due to the strong control many governments and elites had over traditional media, the media was largely a propaganda tool. Propaganda was possible because access and interaction between consumers was not possible.Advertising Looking for research paper on commun ications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example in the Arab world, due to state control over traditional media, Rinnawi (2002, 2) states that â€Å"there are hardly any opportunities for the participation of the media consumers, the public or for any deviation from the mainstream ideas or opinions held by the ruling elite†. The United States of America is the beacon of democracy in the world; however, its traditional media does not escape from being used as a propaganda tool. Harsin (2002, 2) states, â€Å"The strategic use and (sometimes) careless circulation of rumor characterizes the current climate of American news media and politics†. The manipulation or distortion of truth or reduction of public communication to mere appeals to emotion is undemocratic (Harsin, 2006, 86). As Rinnawi (2002, 2) elaborates, traditional media in Arab countries aim at perpetuated an ethno-national identity as oppos ed to providing progressive communication. The governments use the media to promote its view points and criticism that only serves to cement or give credence to government view points (Rinnawi 2002, 3). ). In such like a scenario, the public sphere is reduced or is virtually non-existent. The New Media was acclaimed by many as being the solution to the challenges or problems of the traditional media. The internet has in an enormous way opened new freedoms to the general public (Rinnawi, 1). Through the internet, dissenting opinions find a place or a channel. Blogs have become a sort of â€Å"alternative Citizen Journalism† where individuals keep the rest informed on given issues (Cammaerts 2008, 1). In the case of the Arab world, citizens are able to share about issues and openly criticize the regimes; a taboo in the traditional media channels. The internet, therefore, it has been proved, creates a new public sphere (Rinnawi 2002, 4). This new public sphere is more multi-face ted than one relying on traditional media (Dahlgren, 2005, 153).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Place of Media in the Public Sphere specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although there are those who think that the impact of the internet on democracy is minimal, the rise of such phenomenon as e-democracy, e-government and e-politics in general is a good indicator of the transformational properties of the Net (Dahlgren 2005, 155). As Rinnawi (2003, 20) found out from his research, â€Å"a huge gap remains in the level of criticism towards the Arab regime and the other elites in particular, existing in the internet but almost non-existent in the Diaspora Media.† This assertion goes along way in asserting the revolutionary role of the internet. The assertion by Rinnawi is confirmed by Cammaerts (2008, 3) when he says that, â€Å"these media offer citizens new opportunities to engage or participate indep endently and critically in the (online) public sphere†. The New Media has not totally subverted the problems identified with the traditional media (Kaid 2004, 58). While in traditional media the producers manipulate information, in the New Media, both producer and consumer have capacity to manipulate information (Gastil 2007, 78). The New Media poses a challenge of people insulating themselves. Due to technological advances, individuals are able to choose what they want through filtering the information that reaches them (Sunsetin 2002, 1). The capacity to filter easily generates or creates groups that only access information of a given kind. Some groups are only interested in politics and thus access only political information. Some others are only interested in religion, ethnicity, nationality, age wealth or other convictions (Sunsetin 3). Balkanization of society across those lines is a possibility as a result of consumer capacity to filter what kind of information reaches them. Sunsetin (2002, 212) indicates that the problem of self insulation was identified by the early thinkers on democracy. Both Stuart Mill and John Dewey argued that individuals and society at large can only progress if it is open to information from others.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Self insulation is not such a big problem because â€Å"the internet’s public sphere is networked† (Dahlgren 2005, 152). A networked public sphere means that there is more interconnection between individuals and societies than otherwise (Guidry, Michael Zald 2000, 127). The level of participation in politics has increased as per research carried out in Greece, Netherlands and Britain (Dahlgren 2005, 156). Although people are sharing ideas widely, the challenge of clustering and group polarization still remains (Sunsetin 2002, 213). There is wide formation of enclaves (in-groups with tight interests that may be of no interest to the wider community) among internet users. The formation of in-groups has its advantages and disadvantages. On one hand it enables further interaction between minorities thus sharpening their approaches at advocating for their special interest in the wider community. A good example is the surfers against sewage studied by Wheaton. Wheaton (281) indicates that Surfers against Sewage (SAS) was one of the groups that had risen in Britain; this group represented a ‘form of lifestyle politics’. There has been a shift from traditional empowerment politics to life politics (Wheaton 2007, 285). In the modern world, politics is general changing towards more focus on lifestyle challenges faced by given small groups (Wheaton 2007, 282). These groups employ new media capacities, creating sub cultural media, towards mobilizing support for their causes in the wider society (Wheaton 2007, 287). SAS is a good example of an in-group that uses common interest to push for a good that could be termed as a common good. Unfortunately, some enclaves only promote group polarization or may lead to balkanization of society (Sunsetin 2002, 214). Dahlgren (2005, 152), also assert that the internet has not escaped the ills of traditional media. Like in the traditional media, â€Å"consumerism, entertainment, non political networking and chat† are the key features of the internet (Dahlgren 2005, 152). In concurrence, Cammaerts also points out that the prime sites belong to the market controllers in the traditional media. Although the internet â€Å"was initially based on strict non-profit philosophy, its recent history has shown that market forces have established themselves as the hegemonic paradigm of the internet† (Cammaerts 2008, 9). Elites, corporate and government functionaries dominate the media and are the opinion setter in most issues of public concern. The politicians of today, guided by the New Media values are only keen on dramatization and appealing to emotions (Harsin 2006, 97). With the New Media, the focus, especially of politicians, is on speed and branding rather than deliberations (Starr 2004, 101). Their messages are not aimed at discourse or deliberation on issues but rather hardening positions of given niche groups. These are scenario is akin to the challenge of Tabloidization and propaganda faced by traditional media. Politics is more geared towards response to niche groups, which often push for selfish interests that do not have a really impact or significance to the general public. Such politics does not challenge the broader social issues that need societal attention (Wheaton 2007, 289) Group polarization due to like minded people finding their own enclave has a likelihood of degenerating social stability if the group does not have the common good as their goal (Kaid 2004, 114). The new media has made it easy for extremists to identify each other and share their otherwise warped ideas or scheme towards terrorizing the general public (Kaid 2004, 114). The other problem with the new media is the security concerns and lack of information management structures. The new media has made it possible for anybody to spread hoaxes and false information. Harsin (2006, 88) gives the example of hoaxes spread about John Kerry during the 2004 presidential campaigns in t he US. He argues that rumor has become so entrenched that websites have been set up to establish facts from rumors (Harsin 2006, 88). Despite the mentioned problems, the new media has generally helped individuals to communicate and learn different opinions or views. This is good for society for it creates a sort of global citizenship or understanding in the general public (Sunsetin 2002, 215). However, some areas due to the digital divide are not yet benefiting from the New Media (Gastil 2007, 94).The case of SAS proves the pivotal role of the new media in driving public opinion. Wheaton (2007, 292) indicates that â€Å"while the mass media did play a pivotal role in exposing and communicating SAS’s message, for committed water sport enthusiasts such as surfers and windsurfers, the greatest exposure to SAS and its activities was via its subcultural media†. Many challenges in the modern world are of global nature (Wheaton 2007, 295). Price (2009, 580) indicates that the re are many non government actors, non governmental organizations and transnational advocacy networks that are tackling issues of global magnitude. The public sphere is no longer state confined but rather encompasses the whole globe. Due to globalization, multinationals have great force or power in host countries. Globalization could also be credited with growth of transnational civil societies (Price 2009, 581). Globalization is New Media driven; it is the internet and other faster communication and transport technologies that have led to the globalization phenomenon (Cammaerts Van Audenhove, 2005, 181). The forces of globalization especially the new media, have given rise to the notion of transnational citizenships (Cammaerts Van Audenhove, 2005, 183). For a transnational civil society to form, individuals have to find a way of rallying international interest into an issue (Price 2009, 583). Most activist groups aim at local issues like a given company polluting the neighborhood ; however, most are informed by the global dimensions of the challenge. For example, pollution has global ramification if viewed in the context of global warming. Most internet forums, as related by Cammaerts and Van Audenhove (2005, 190)’s analysis, are of international appeal or nature. Most local activists thrive due to having support linkages with other activities across the globe (Price 2009, 594). The challenge and dilemma to be tackled in relation to the new media is how to balance free choice needs of individuals, public integration and stem information cocoons (Dahlgren 2005, 158). There is need for public forums as a way of exposing people to information they would not seek if left on their own (Sunsetin 2002, 217). Government intervention in the new media is as relevant as is the case in traditional media. Cammaerts argues that censorship and threats from fellow internet users undermine the freedoms of the internet (Cammaerts 2008, 16). However, that does not wash away the need for some form of regulation. There is need for some form of regulation, to ensure the balance between free choice and proper interaction between different actors is achieved (Sunsetin 2002, 218). The challenge for any society is creating proper laws for free expression and a culture that promotes freedom (Sunsetin 2002, 222). Reference List Cammaerts, Bart. 2008. Critical Reflection on the Participative Nature of Blogs. London: London School of Economics and Political Sciences Cammaerts, Bart and Van Audenhove, Lee. 2005. ‘Online Political Debate, Unbounded Citizenship and the Problematic Nature of a Transnational Public Sphere’, Political Communication 22(2) Dahlgren, Peter. 2005). ‘the Internet, Public Spheres, and Political Communication: Dispersion and Deliberation’, Political Communication 22(2) Gastil, John. 2007. Political Communication and Deliberation. New York: SAGE Publications Guidry A. John, Kennedy D. Michael, Zald N. Mayer. 2000 . Globalizations and Social Movements: Culture, Power, and the Transnational Public Sphere  Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 2000 Harsin, Jayson. ‘The Rumour Bomb: Theorizing the Convergence of New and Old Trends in Mediated US Politics’. Southern Review: Communication, Politics Culture; Volume 39, Issue 1; 2006 Kaid, Lynda, Lee. 2004. Handbook of Political Communication Research. New York: Routledge Sunsetin, Cass. 2002. Republic.com. Princeton: Princeton University Press Price Richard. ‘Transnational Civil Society and Advocacy in World Politics’. World politics, Vol 55 No. 4. Cambridge University Press. Accessed from http//:www.jstor.org/stable/24054239 Rinnawi Khallil. 2002. The Internet and the Arab World AS A Virtual Public Sphere. Accessed from  cmsprod.bgu.ac.il/NR/rdonlyres/E1D4CA76-9BEF-49A3/Rinnawi.pdf Starr Paul. 2004. The Creation of the Media: Political Origins of Modern Communications. Kansas: Basic Books Wheaton, Belinda. 2007. I dentity, Politics, and the Beach: Environmental Activism in Surfers against Sewage. Vol 2. UK: Routledge

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